The Impact of Athlete Sponsorship Paper - 1100 Words

The Impact of Athlete Sponsorship In Helping Nike Develop a Nike Develop A Strong Brand (Research Paper Sample) Content: STRATEGIC RESEARCHNAME:INSTITUTION AFFILIATION:DATE OF SUBMISSION:INTRODUCTIONNike international company is a United States based company involved in manufacturing sportswear and sports equipment. It has its headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon. Nike is the leading manufacturer and supplier of sportswear and equipment. Additionally the company is involved in running retail shops around the world that sells the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s products. Founded in 1964, the company has grown over time and expanded its productions in order to meet the market demand. The company has also four main subsidiaries namely Cole Hannah, Converse Inc, Hurley international and Umbro that manufacture other popular products. Nike manufactures a variety of products. Initially they manufactured track running shoes. Currently, they make jerseys, shoes, shorts, and base layers used for different sporting activities. In order to make large sales Nike has contracted over 700 shops around the globe and o ver 45 countries with their offices. Most factories that manufacture Nike products are located in the Asian continent namely China, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Philippines.Nike cooperation has a mission of being the source of inspiration and innovation to all athletes around the world. According to the founder of the company, Bill Bowerman, an athlete is defined as any person with a body. The company has become an inspiration by making people remain proud of using the Nike products. The inspiration can be drawn from the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s efforts to protect the environment as a social obligation and manufacturing products that surpass the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s expectation. The company also aims to be the centre of innovation by ensuring all its products are unique and meets the customers ever changing expectations. The company has a vision to carry on the legacy of thinking innovatively in order to develop products that aid athletes realize their potential, or create busin ess opportunities and value for shareholders investments.In the past, the Nike cooperation through proper governance has worked towards attaining its mission and vision. In pursuit of its mission, the company has produced quality products that have been widely accepted all over the world. The cooperation has also taken an initiative to sponsor athletes around the world, providing them with the support they need to be successful. The company has used the new technology to improve the existing products. In working towards realizing its vision, the company has since its inception build customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s confidence by selling them quality products. It has created business opportunities by contracting other companies to make supplies of raw materials, employed people around the world to oversee the operations and sales. Since the company has goodwill, it is expected to make more sales. It is likely for more investors to invest in the company so that they may have a share of profits made by the company. This has lead for the company to rapidly expand and acquire strategic companies.Despite of Nike cooperation having a strong market base, it faces stiff competition from other companies like addidas and Reebok. This makes it necessary for the company to have an analysis of the market and the ability to penetrate in the competitive market. It is therefore essential us to analyze the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s current competitive situation through the porters five force analysis. On the supplier power, Nike cooperation has the power to determine the market price since it controls a large customer base. Secondly, the company faces the risk of losing its customers to other companies if they raise the price. This is because the customers have the power to choose the product of their choice. Thirdly, competitive rivalry would count if the other companies offer attractive offers like you do and have quality services. For example, if Addidas offers quality products similar to t hose of Nike then Nike is at a risk of losing its customers since they are likely to be indifferent. Another factor is the threat of substitution. If Nikes products are not unique there is a risk of substitution and lastly incase the industry has a treat of new entrants, the company is threatened its power to control the market. Due to the large initial capital and high marketing costs. Nike is likely to face threats of new entrants into the market. The five forces are essential in the decision making process since the company is able to determine the level of competition it is facing.Intensive strategies are strategies that involve intensive efforts and energy t o improve a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s competitive position in sales of the existing products. These strategies are crucial for the success of any organization. The main intensive strategies include market penetration, product development and market development. The Nike cooperation has sought to increase its market share of its p roducts through intensive marketing efforts. The company has heavily invested in creating awareness of its products to the public through popular athletes and sportsmen. It has also sought to increase its market share by increasing the sales personnel and offering offers on their products. The organization has targeted areas that markets are not saturated and present usage of products can be increased significantly. The company has increased economies of scale in order to gain competitive advantage.The second intensive strategy is that the company has introduced its products to new geographical areas. Since some of the markets like the United States and Europe have become saturated, Nike cooperation has sought for new markets in Africa to maintain a competitive edge. This is intensive since a lot of research is done before an investment is done. The last strategy is product development. The Nike cooperation has developed its existing products through innovations. The company has inv ested on research activities on ways of improving the service delivery. The company has also spent a lot of money marketing the newly developed products.A SWOT analysis of Nike international company reveals that the company has its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. These can be analysed as follows, the strengths include it is a professionally competitive cooperation...

Prosperity and Immigration of United States Nikola Tesla...

The nineteenth and twentieth century was a time of enormous prosperity and vast immigration for the United States. These two have a close correlation to each other; the U.S.’s prosperity was mostly as a result from the few ingenious immigrants that fled their home country for a better life in the U.S. Andrew Carnegie and Albert Einstein are a few examples, but none can compare to one man, one man that would change the way the whole world would view the power of electricity. Nikola Tesla was born on July 10, 1856 in Smiljan, Lika, which is a region of Croatia. His mother was an inventor in household appliances and managed their family farm. His father was a Serbian Orthodox clergyman. He had three younger sisters and one older brother. His†¦show more content†¦Edison’s company was well known for their low, tightfisted wages. Edison replied to Tesla, â€Å"Tesla, you dont understand our American humor, and exempted the $50,000 award and only offered him a $10 ra ise in his monthly pay, Tesla refused Edison’s offer and quickly resigned. For Tesla, direct current was too insufficient because the electric current only flowed in one direction and was prone to frequent power outages due to its inability to supply such a high voltage. Power house had to been laid out every two mile intervals to keep up with the power demands. This inhabited it to travel long distances, but at that time it was the only power system that was used throughout the U.S. Tesla saw the disadvantages and inefficiency of direct current and came up with the idea of alternate current, or AC. Alternative current was much more efficient because the electricity ran through a polyphase principle. In alternate current, the electric current changed directions 50 to 60 times per second, and it could be used at a very high voltage, making it much possible to travel long distances without the use of power houses every two miles. It was clear to Tesla that alternative current was the future for a full transcontinental power grid. Edison disagreed with Tesla’s idea of alternate current and persisted that his direct current was and is the only way to power the homes and businesses of millions. Tesla reached out for someone who saw the potential forShow MoreRelatedImportant Factors Leading to the Gilded Age Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pageswere several factors that led the American economic prowess and prosperity. The Americans were blessed with natural resources and a liberal immigration policy to ensure steady work force. Yet, the most important factors were technological innovation and entrepreneurial ability. As America pushed further into the latter half of the nineteenth century, the country, as well as her people began to change. According to the United States Census of 1870, the U.S. resident population was approximately

Faith and Reason Creacionists and Evolutionists - 1249 Words

Many people believe that Christians have to reject evolution in order to believe in the biblical account of creation in Genesis 1. Scholar and author John Walton, as well as physician, Francis Collins argue that this is not necessarily true. Walton reminds us that we have to read the Bible carefully, as it was not written for us but for the Israelites. Walton also argues that observing natural effects does not mean that we have to remove God from our thoughts. He cannot just reveal all the scientific details that were going to occur because the past generations would not understand. The Bible is the proof of His love and patience for humans, not a science textbook. Even though it was not for us, we still read it since the Scripture is†¦show more content†¦Only our creator knows everything, and that is God. Again, I completely accept Collins claim. Even when we have trust, reason should still be behind it. We should have complete faith in God, who used physics reasons to help organisms survive during evolution. If the gravitational force was stronger or weaker, we would not be able to live on earth. In Genesis 1:2, we know that the earth was formless after the explosion. An indistinct earth cannot have consistent forces, and so humans would not have been able to live (Synder, 2009). God fixed the sky on the second and third day, and metaphorically it means that He made the physical constants accurately work. Gravity has been constant throughout the history of Earth, and so it played a big role in evolution of life on Earth. In Matthew 22, someone asks Jesus about the greatest commandment, and Jesus replied loving God with all your soul and mind . Using faith will get a person in a close relationship with God, but reasoning (mind) will enhance that relationship (Pollack, 2013). For example, faith lets us to follow in His footsteps by showing love, patience, kindness, forgiveness, and humbleness to others. The mind will let us understand why we should lov e, be patient, etc. Collins nailed perfectly on explaining this assertion. For example, in Genesis 1, it says that God created humans out of His own image. The icon God in people means that they have a little bit of His holiness in them. Some people

Academia and Text Matching Software free essay sample

Scabies (2007) argued that the electronic text matching software is not the solution to eliminating plagiarism because the soft. Are only focuses on text matching of paper under review with documents (journals, articles, e-books and conference papers) found on the internet or which has been previously submitted and this is a limitation because the only detection are focused on electronic materials without considering some non-electronic paper based documents which could still be plagiarisms.Walker (2010) stated that with the development of text matching software such as the turning plagiarism detection was made easier, however he emphasizes that the turning detection software is not 1 00 per cent efficient, it merely identifies and matches materials present in a document uploaded to turning website to materials available on the internet. Walker (2010) describes the electronic text matching software as a tool only suitable for detecting word for word or direct plagiarism in electronic form and the refined ones from the paper based sources are not easily detected. We will write a custom essay sample on Academia and Text Matching Software or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover Carroll and Appleton (2001) argued that the turning is just an option for measuring plagiarism and that alone cannot be used as a basis for judging good scholarship practice. In addition Carroll and Appleton (2001) insist that the use of electronic software for detecting plagiarism requires human application and interpretation and that using turning alone as a medium for plagiarism detection is not proficient.According to Barrett and Malcolm (2006) the electronic text matching software (turning) only indicates possible plagiarism without any certainty, it is left to the tutor to determine the extent to which the writer has plagiarisms or included some sources in the paper without acknowledging where they were acquired. In conclusion the concept of plagiarism cannot be overemphasized. It has become a factor that has affected good academic scholarship practice and has created an avenue for educators to develop methods for detecting and dealing with plagiarism.The development o f the electronic detection software such as the turning has enhanced the detection of plagiarism however it cannot be relied upon completely because it is not effective. In addition it is important to understand that the best way to detect plagiarism is to use both the manual method which involves educators and he use of electronic text matching software such as turning.

Wuthering Heights And Power Of Love Essays - British Films

Wuthering Heights And Power Of Love Many readers argue that Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte is anything but a romance. Although it does not follow the conventional form of the Victorian Romance novels, it can be argued that it is one of the greatest love stories of all time. The traditional forms of love may not be represented in this story, but one can not argue that love is the predominant theme throughout the book. What else but love could possibly drive the characters to the ends which they accomplish. The most controversial and the predominant love represented in this novel is that of ?spiritual love.? This form of love is the one shared between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw Linton. This bond is expressed by Catherine when she tells Nelly, ?I can not express it; but surely you and every body have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation if I were entirely contained here? My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff's miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning; my great thought in living is himself. If all else perished, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and, if all else remained, and he were annihilated, the Universe would turn to a mighty stranger....Nelly, I am Heathcliff .? (page 81) It may be hard for most people to understand their bond, as very few people ever experience a love of this type during their lifetime. The only comparisons that may be offered for an attempt at understanding may perhaps be the bond felt by someone regarding their first love. Although this relationship may end, a special connection will always be felt for this person, and the love that was felt will never be forgotten. As many state, there will always be a special place in their heart for this person. Another example may be the love a parent feels for a child. Although this is not a romantic love, it is a love that is unconditional and timeless. Catherine and Heathcliff, through their own actions, are never able to truly act on their love for one another, and this tragedy is what allows us to experience the timeless classic of Wuthering Heights. With her marriage to Edgar Linton, Catherine makes it impossible for her and Heathcliff to ever be joined together. Although her actions seem selfish, she sees this as the only way that she can help raise Heathcliff from the clutches of her brother Hindley. Heathcliff, unfortunately, never understands her actions for what they truly are, and chaos results. This impeded love serves as the catalyst throughout the novel, bringing with it tragedy and revenge. Heathcliff is driven to reek havoc on all of those who he views as wronging him in some form - except of course for Catherine. Everything in the story happens through Heathcliff, and results from the distortion of his personality because of this thwarted love. As long as he has Catherine, he can stand anything, but without her all of his emotions turn to hate. Some may questions whether or not Catherine loves Edgar Linton before she marries him. The only explanation that may be offered is that if she does love him, this love can only be defined as superficial. Catherine is unable to ever feel anything more spiritual for Edgar, as this part of herself is reserved for Heathcliff alone. Catherine expresses this emotion when she tells Nelly, ?My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods. Time will change it, I'm well aware, as winter changes the trees - my love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath - a source of little visible delight but necessary.? (page 82) She realizes that her love for Heathcliff is far more important than what she feels for Edgar, but Edgar offers her a civilized, socially acceptable, and materialistic advantage. She knows that marrying Heathcliff would cause them both a lifetime of misery, as they would live as beggars. What Catherine does not realize is that by denying herself a union with Heathcliff results in a tragedy deeper than she can comprehend. After her marriage to Edgar, and the return of Heathcliff; Catherine is torn apart spiritually , mentally and emotionally when she realizes what she has done. She realizes that it is impossible for her to love Heathcliff and remain with Edgar and seeks release through death. At this point Catherine acknowledges that the only way her

Wage Disparity across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity

Wage Disparity across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Introduction Wage disparity is used to refer to the differences in earning for two different groups of people, working in similar set up or their wages are arbitrarily different in the labour market. Wage disparity is mostly used in relation to describing the uneven spread of income across gender, race, and ethnic groups, which can lead to social inequalities and other problems in the workplace especially when the disparity is much pronounced.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wage Disparity across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various research studies have been undertaken on the wage disparities by many researchers to examine various parameters of wage inequalities since they contribute a lot to the labor-market inequalities. Majority of the studies relating to wage disparities are quantitative in nature and involve measurements and comparison of wages and salaries. These studie s are mainly intersectional, trying to explain the wage inequalities using survey data to evaluate the differences based on gender, social status, and racial/ethnic groupings. Wage disparities exist due to a variety of factors and the leading contributor to these wage gaps is the fact that many women and racial discriminated people are still secluded in the low paying occupations, with more than half of the all women workers holding sales, office administration entry-level jobs, and service jobs. In addition, most female dominated jobs are low paying compared to male dominated jobs (Howard, 2004). The issue of privileges also appears to affect wage disparity in the work place. Privileges refer favors that are allowed to certain people or a particular person and are not allowed to other people in set up such as a work place. These privileges are earned through achievement or are allowed to a certain grouping of people within most organizational structures. In workplace, some organiza tion members are allowed some privileges based not on merit, but on their ascribed status due to their association with certain groupings such as race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, class, and physical ability and this status is mostly influenced by external factors that are beyond the person’s immediate control (Karsten, 2006, P.254).Advertising Looking for research paper on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These unearned privileges have been shown to play a role in contributing to wage gaps among employees of the same level or in work of equivalent magnitude. Wage disparity due to any form of discrimination against certain groups in the workplace are common recipe for hatred, tensions, low level of motivation among workers and reduced productivity of the entire organization. In this research paper, issues of unearned privileges will only be discussed in the context of race and gender. This research paper seeks to explore the issues of wage disparity across gender, race, and ethnicity in the American workplace set up. In the next sections of this paper, the following two relationships will be explored based on studies carried on them: Wage disparity and gender Wage disparity and race/ethnicity issues Wage disparity and gender Since time in memorial, there have been noticeable salary gaps between the two genders in majority of the existing occupations. Although there have been some level of salary parity between male and female in professional occupations, the level of wages gaps are still high between the two groups. Studies have clearly revealed that, generally, men earn higher salaries than women even when at the same job group and mostly female dominated jobs are low paying compared to male dominated jobs, which pay better wages and salaries. According to the analysis carried on the Bureau of Labor Statistics data in 1998, it was revealed that gender salary dispar ities continue to persist. In this case, â€Å"the median weekly pay of full-time working women being 75 percent of the median pay for men in 1996; though women began closing the wage gap in 1980s, the earning for women in salaried full-time year-round positions reached 71 percent of men’s earnings in 1991 after a long stagnation period† (Gibelman, 2003,P.25). One of the contributing factors to low earning among the women is the occupation choices they make. Generally, women are more tied with family obligations such as looking after the children. Though men are increasing being more involved in child upbringing, this area of family life is still considered female oriented. In order to cope with family obligations and work necessities, many women tend to work in part time jobs, which mostly pay lowly and lead to low pay increments; with studies showing that in 2002, 32 percent of women compared to 10.8 percent of men worked part-time, thus the income disparity pitied w omen against the men (Anon, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wage Disparity across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other factors that may limit women’s choice include â€Å"lack of affordable child care, a spouse’s unwillingness to share family responsibility, lack of flexible working schedule, and lack of well paying part-time jobs, which cause women to drop out of the workforce for longer periods than men, hence eventually they losing their career momentum and needed experience leading them to end up in jobs that pay less† (Howard, 2004, P.19). A women choice is just one of the many complex factors that are put forward by scholars in trying to explain the continued wage disparity between men and women. The position of authority at work is always associated with better pay and room for advancement in ones career path. Research on authority at work pla ce mainly relate to its attainment and returns associated with the authority. Several studies conducted by sociologist and economist have concluded that women are less likely to ascend to positions with much decision-making power and they receive lower authority returns than men. Thus, women reap little authority returns from education and experience compared to men, even though education produces a lot of positive results for women at lowest levels of authority, while for men education enable them to reap more benefits at highest levels of authority (Romero, Margolis, 2005, P. 175). Between the male and female dominated occupations, gender seems to play a significant role in determining the occupants of the position of authority in the workplace. Several research studies have revealed that jobs dominated by women are mostly characterized by lower level of authority, with male dominated jobs experiencing little authority gaps between the two groups. However, in jobs with many women , there is reduced room for progress for both men and women, though men are more likely to climb to decision-making authority in that set up (Romero, Margolis, 2005, P. 175). The level authority thus has also contributed to the wage disparity between male and female employees of same qualifications. After many studies being undertaken, still the wage disparity between men and women cannot be completely explained or be solved in most of occupations.Advertising Looking for research paper on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the analysis conducted by the General Accounting Office study, after taking care of all major factors that affect wage gap, majority of women earned 80 percent of what men earned in 2000, and the evaluation was unable to account for the remaining 20 percent earning gap, even if the other factors contributing to discrimination which can cause wage gap were considered (U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003). Further, studies have shown that wage disparity between men and women are historical in that, even in situations where men and women occupy same job group and work in similar conditions they still exist. According to studies carried on wage disparities in the profession of social workers, the salaries of social workers who are members of NASW supported the historic trend in wage gaps, since in 1995, still the gaps existed with the median income of female respondents being $ 34,135 and $ 37,503 for male respondents (Gibelman Schervish, 1997). Wage disparity and race/et hnicity issues The Civil Rights Act clearly prohibits discrimination of employees by the employers based on race, color, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and background. Though these laws are there to protect the employees against racial discrimination, up to date studies show that there are significant wage gaps between the whites and the African Americans and other minority groups. Researchers have mainly identified two factors that they have based their arguments in, trying to explain the continuing wage disparity between the two groups. These two factors include racial discrimination and level of expertise between the two groups at their workplaces. The issue of racial discrimination in the work place is still common, with some employers acknowledging that they practice it. According to studies carried out by Kirschenman and Neckerman (1991), it was revealed that several of Chicago employers they involved in the study discriminated against the African Americans and workers from the inner city, and around 74 percent of the employers had negative attitudes towards the African American young men (Coleman, 2003, p.894). Through studies involving use regression method, researchers have been able to show that wage gaps among different race groups in a workplace can mainly be attributed to discrimination rather than lack of skills. According to Coleman (2003), the African American men and women still face more discrimination in wage increment and promotion than whites after all factors have been accounted for, and they also earn less compared to the whites working in the same organization, implying that racial discrimination continues to exist in the workplaces. According to the regressions studies carried out by Mason to evaluate the lack of skills issue in relation to wage gaps, he found out that â€Å"whites received larger returns on job tenure than blacks or Latinos; white Latinos, whether immigrant or native, have higher wages than nonwhite Latinos, i mmigrant or native† (Mason, 1999). The race factor in wage disparity is not a gender issue, but rather, it ascribed by the discrimination that exist among the groups that are working in the same workplace. Browne and Misra, while conducting studies to determine earnings gap based on race and gender found out that, â€Å"White women earn more than most Latino men, and Asian women earn more than White women and African American men† (Romero, Margolis, 2005, P. 171). Several studies have been conducted to evaluate how job mobility may affect wage gaps among the different groups yielding varied results. One of the profound studies is the research that was carried out by Alon and Tienda to determine how young women’s job mobility affects racial and ethnic wage growth gaps. They found out that African American and Hispanic women experienced less job mobility compared to the white women. Secondly, the unskilled women who made several job changes in the first four post school years had better wage returns, but beyond that, the returns dwindled. Lastly, the job changes do not appear to improve wage growth for the skilled women (Alon Tienda, 2005). This study, coupled with other studies, indicates that job mobility can cause wage disparity among different group, especially in unskilled sectors were mobility appear to favor Whites against other groups. Recommendations Wage disparity across gender, race, and ethnicity has been one of the predominant social problems facing our society since ancient times. Though eliminating wage disparity across these areas is quite difficult to achieve, significantly reducing these disparity can be achieved through various remedies. The following recommendations can significantly help in reducing wage gaps brought about by gender, race, and ethnicity issues. First, the government, the civil societies, and other stakeholders should press the congress to pass the Paycheck Fairness Act bill that has been pending many ye ars. The Civil Rights Act outlaws various form of discrimination but still it lack some provision that would tackle issues of all forms of discrimination appropriately. This bill would ensure that women get equal pay they deserve for the equal job they do. They â€Å"put gender-based wage discrimination on par with other forms of wage discrimination, such as that based on race, by allowing women to sue for compensatory and punitive damages, rather than just for back pay; Limit the legitimate reasons employers can give in court for wage disparities; and, Prohibit employers from retaliating against employees who discuss their wages† (Hall, 2010). This bill will empower legal and organizational mechanisms for addressing wage disparity across gender, race, and ethnicity, something that will enable workers to earn what they rightfully deserve, enhancing their economic security, and gradually aiding the country’s economic recovery. Secondly, the government and the community at large should empower existing or come up with programs that can enlighten people about their rights, offer career mentoring, and improve the financial literacy of all workers. These would be powerful tools in ensuring that workers are able to advocate for equal pay for equal job, making right career choices or move, and investing in what they earn for their future and that of the country. Thirdly, professional bodies should regularly sponsor and organize forums involving all stakeholders from local to national level, to discuss and evaluate the gender-related issues and to formulate ways of eliminating wage disparities in the work place (Gibelman, 2003, P.28). Lastly, the government should encourage more women to venture in male dominated careers such as engineering, architecture, in efforts to earn better pay and bridge the wage gaps between the two genders. Conclusion Government through it programs for monitoring wage discrimination and other form of employment discrimination s hould be conducting several checks in all workplaces and ensure that these vices are eliminated and these programs should always be on going to ensure that wage discriminations has been eliminated and it does not resurface. Wage disparity being a social problem all the involved parties’ i.e. employers, employees, government, professional bodies and the community should cultivating a culture of continued engagement among all the parties to ensure that issues of wage disparity are addressed in all places. Since wage disparities cannot be accounted by the differences in skills, all organizations embrace proper unbiased performance appraisal systems for their employees, which will reward only the deserving individuals rather than an ascribed group of individuals due to their association References Alon, S. Tienda, M. (2005). Job Mobility and Early Career Wage Growth of White, African-American, and Hispanic Women. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 86, p1196-1217, 22p. Web. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=c13d14f7-7172-43ff-b532-ac7b6b12113c%40sessionmgr12vid=5hid=8bquery=%28Wage+disparity+AND+race%29bdata=JmRiPWE5aCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl Anon. (2003). Highlights of Women’s Earnings in 2002, 2003. U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. Coleman, M.G. (2003). Job Skill and Black Male Wage Discrimination. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 84(4), p892-906, 15p. Blackwell Publishing Limited. Web. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=c13d14f7-7172-43ff-b532-ac7b6b12113c%40sessionmgr12vid=5hid=8bquery=%28Wage+disparity+AND+race%29bdata=JmRiPWE5aCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl Gibelman, M. (2003). So How Far Have We Come? Pestilent and Persistent Gender Gap in Pay. Social Work, Vol. 48 Issue 1, p22-32, 11p. Web. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6hid=107sid=b8090b34-58ce-4b49-af0f-7d94d348e019%40sessionmgr113 Gibelman, M. Schervish, P.H. (1997). Who are we: A s econd look. Washington, DC: NASW Press. Hall, M. (2010). Obama to Push Congress on Pay-Fairness Bill. USA Today, 07/20/2010. Web. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4hid=11sid=c5748f62-cf47-4269-bf0a-647c6e945307%40sessionmgr11bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9hAN=J0E079739590910 Howard, L. (2004). Wage disparity: still a concern? Tennessee Economic Council on Women. Web. Retrieved from http://frank.mtsu.edu/~berc/tnbiz/women/pdfs/wages.pdf Karsten, M. F. (2006). Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in the Workplace [Three Volumes] [3 Volumes]: Issues and Challenges for Todays Organizations. USA. Greenwood Publishing Group. Web. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=qkfbPOLDKeoCpg=PA285dq=Wage+disparity+across+gender,+race,+and+ethnicitycd=1#v=onepageqf=false Mason, P. L. (1999). Male Interracial Wage Differentials: Competing Explanations. Cambridge. Journal of Economics, Vol. 23, p261–299. Romero, M. Margolis, E., 2005. The Blackwell companion to social inequalities. NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. U.S. General Accounting Office. (2003). Women’s Earnings: Work Patterns Partially Explain Difference between Men’s and Women’s Earnings. Web. Retrieved from gao.gov/.

Case study on Biochemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study on Biochemistry - Essay Example When the cycle is incomplete, and the product is not formed, the function of the organism cannot properly take place. Without enzymes, the reactions needed for biological processes of the body would take at a slower rate or fail to take place. This is detrimental to the well-being of the organism involved. One of the most important enzymatic actions is the breakdown of fructose. This is a simple sugar found in some of foods such as fruit and honey. This is essential as it plays an immense role in supply of energy for the body. However, fructose is not a direct source of energy, but enzymes are required to breakdown fructose into a reliable energy. After eating, catabolism of fructose takes place through fructolysis. The process begins with the enzyme fructokinase and produces fructose 1-phosphate as a product. The second step is enhanced by aldose. This enzyme breaks down fructose 1-phosphate into two products: dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehydes. The products enter the process of glycolysis to ensure the body gets its energy requirement and extra glucose. The absence of enzymes necessary for the breakdown of fructose leads to poor response of the body with repeated ingestion of foods containing fructose (NLM, 2011). Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B can be responsible for hereditary fructose intolerance. Aldolase B plays a significant role in the breakdown of fructose. The absence of the enzyme leads to accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate in the liver cells (NLM, 2011). The accumulation of this substance is toxic, and overtime leads to the death of liver cells (Breakspear Medical Group Ltd, n.d.). Additionally, fructose-1-phosphate fails to release the phosphate group required for repeated ATP production and control of stored sugar (NLM, 2011). Several defects arise due to death of liver cells and low number of phosphate groups. They include hypoglycemia, liver abnormalities, and other forms of hereditary fructose intolerance (NLM, 2011 ). Provide clearly labeled diagrams to demonstrate: Diagram lock and key models of enzymatic activity. Diagram showing how enzymes function as a lock and key. Diagram the effect of enzymes on activation energy. Discuss the specific substrate acted on by aldolase B. Enzymes are usually specific in nature. They only act to a unique substrate. Aldolase B also demonstrates this uniqueness. Fructose-1-phosphate (F1P) is acted upon by aldolase B. This is the only enzyme that binds on F1P as its substrate. The breakdown leads to the formation of two products that are further metabolized to produce glucose, lactate and uric acid (NLM, 2011). Explain the role of aldolase B in the breakdown of fructose. Aldose B plays an essential role in the breakdown of fructose. The enzyme breaks down fructose-1-phosphate into dihydrooxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehydes (NLM, 2011). The two products enter the process of glycolisis to answer to body requirements for energy, or increased level of glucose. B. Case two Explain what would happen to the amount of energy available to a cell if the entire Cori cycle occurred and remained within that single cell (i.e., a muscle cell). In the skeletal muscles, there are few mitochondria, and yet they consume a lot of energy. This leads to depletion of oxygen and the muscles are forced to operate without oxygen. The Cori cycle is essential as it links this process with gluconeogenesis in the liver. This means that the lactate produced by the muscle cells travels through the blood into the liver